Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the Harrisons, King & Irwin Limited documents in the London Metropolitan Archives. Harrisons, King & Irwin was an affiliate of Harrisons & Crosfield, a global corporate group in the United Kingdom. It was also China’s leading tea exporter from the 1920s to the 1940s. The author first briefly introduces the history of Harrisons, King & Irwin, then provides a brief overview of some of the contents in the Harrisons, King & Irwin Limited documents by theme, and finally discusses the significance of this series of documents for the study of the tea industry’s history in modern China and the world.

Keywords
Tea Trade, Modern China, Foreign Trading Company

Abstract
This paper examines a prohibition on trading monopolies of artisans and retailers issued in Istanbul in 1789. First, the hatt-ı hümâyûn document that Selim III (r. 1789–1807) authored is scrutinized to understand the intent and purpose of the prohibition. Next, the enforcement of the prohibition and its impact is examined in detail. The focus is on the vegetable trade of Istanbul, which was emphasized most in hatt-ı hümâyûn. Using court registers from Istanbul as the main historical source, the monopoly over vegetable trade and changes in the system are presented following an analysis of lawsuits brought by vegetable retailers (sebzeci) and others.

Abstract
In this paper, we attempt to unveil the personality of Ibn al-‘Ajamī, the hitherto unexplored author of Mabāhij al-ikhwān wa manāhij al-khillān fī ḥawādith al-duhūr wa al-azmān and its sequel called Ta’rīkh āl ‘Uthmān. The paper first reviews the descriptions in these historical writings, of which only two manuscripts are known at this point and examines their characteristics and importance as the chronicles of Ottoman Cairo. Focusing on three points: Ibn al-ʻAjamī’s family relations, Būlāq as his place of residence and work, and he as a weigher, we seek to reveal the reality of this little-known “laboring citizen historian” who was in the economic middle strata and made his living from steady work supporting the market economy of Cairo, the largest Arab trading city in the early modern era.

Keywords
Ottoman Egypt, Arabic Chronicle, Būlāq, Artisans Guild, Burullus

Abstract
In Egypt, a reformatory for juvenile offenders began to develop under the British occupation. This institution, which was more educative and less punitive than prisons, was initially established to admit a specific category of juvenile offenders. Therefore, prisons remained the primary place for most juvenile inmates even after the establishment of the reformatory. Moreover, the re-introduction of corporal punishment for juveniles strengthened the punitive character of treating juvenile offenders. After enacting the Juvenile Vagrant Law, the reformatory was charged with treating juvenile vagrants and simultaneously faced overcrowding of inmates. In the interwar period, the reformatory system rapidly developed in terms of accommodation and function. However, it was blamed for the inefficacy in rehabilitating juveniles. Some improvements in the form of a reward system and vocational training were implemented, but they had little effect. Finally, juvenile reformatories malfunctioned when they assumed responsibility as the sole facility for treating juvenile offenders in the late 1930s.

Keywords
Prison, Juvenile Reformatory, Egypt, British Occupation, Interwar Period

Abstract
This article considers the characteristics of the Japanese Empire’s food culture among the colonial empires of world history. It points out that Japanese people have a strong interest in colonial cuisines, such as “Taiwanese cuisine,” “Korean cuisine,” and “Manchurian cuisine.” While Korean cuisine sometimes became an expression of nationalism in the colony, Taiwanese cuisine and Manchurian cuisine were mainly promoted by Japanese colonists. This article considers the whole picture of Manchurian cuisine, in particular, for the first time. In addition, Crown Prince Hirohito (later Emperor Shōwa) tasted Taiwanese cuisine in Taipei in 1923 and food from the Chinese continent in Tokyo on New Year’s Day in 1940. These meals are interpreted as political ceremonies symbolizing the integration of the Japanese Empire.

Keywords
Manchurian cuisine, Japanese Colonialism, Hirohito (Emperor Shōwa), bean sprouts, sorghum vulgare (kaoliang), Mongolian barbeque (Jingisucan), gyoza

Abstract
This study examines the estate of tanner İbrâhîm bin ‘Alî and its inheritance in eighteenth-century Istanbul from a social historical perspective. It enhances our understanding of the lives of workers and features of guilds in early modern Ottoman cities. First, I overview the state of İbrâhîm’s estate at the time of his death and process of its inheritance by analyzing his probate inventory (tereke). Second, I compare these data with the relevant details of forty-four other retailers and artisans who lived in Istanbul. Subsequently, I analyze the status of İbrâhîm’s property, his outstanding expenses, and debts owed by and to him in detail. Finally, I examine the court cases on his inheritance according to four relevant court records (i‘lâms). My analysis reveals the relative affluence of İbrâhîm and the significant involvement of other tanners in determining the inheritance of his estate.

Abstract
Zayn al-Dīn Abū Bakr ibn Muzhir was one of the most prominent bureaucrats of the late Mamlūk period. It is worth noting that during the financial crisis of the fifteenth century, Zayn al-Dīn maintained the highest authority as an administrator for a considerably long time. In this paper, we focus on the relationship between Zayn al-Dīn and his contemporary scholars, who were an important part of his horizontal networks. Most of them described Zayn al-Dīn as a virtuous, ideal bureaucrat; however, historical facts reconstructed by al-Biqāʻī’s chronicle are in great discord with the image of Zayn al-Dīn narrated by many historians. Zayn al-Dīn’s charitable projects for scholars not only extended his influence by gaining the scholars’ support and controlling them at the same time but also functioned as an investment from a long-term perspective, to pass down his positions, wealth, and human networks to the next generation. Al-Biqāʻī’s letter to Zayn al-Dīn, written after the controversy of Ibn al-Fāriḍ, reflects his wide authority over personnel affairs. His acquisition of an exceptionally long period of service could be attributed to his vertical and horizontal networks, based on the exceptional scale of his patronage as a civilian bureaucrat of his time.

Keywords
The Mamlūk Dynasty, Zayn al-Dīn Ibn Muzhir, Civilian Elites, al-Biqāʻī, Patronage